Validity and reliability study of Effects of Digital Games in Early Ages Scale
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14527/pegegog.2019.031Abstract
The aim of this research is to develop a scale aiming to measure the effects of digital games on children during early childhood period according to parent perceptions. In the course of developing the scale items, related literature was reviewed in detail and relevant scales and the previous research carried out were examined. After the expert opinions were obtained, the scale was sent to the families of 1500 children by administrators and teachers who worked in the primary schools and kindergartens, which were randomly selected and were affiliated to the Provincial Directorate of National Education of Istanbul. 731 data were included in the survey. 342 girls and 389 boys aged between 55-95 months constituted the sample of the research. The data regarding the children were gathered by means of forms filled out by their parents. In order to determine the construct validity of the scale, exploratory factor analysis, which is one of the principal component analyses, was applied. As a result of the analysis, the KMO value was found as .90. The total variance explained is 63.40%. Factor load values were found to be ranging from .87 to .54. The internal consistency coefficient of the total scale was found to be .91. Internal consistency coefficients of the factors were .82 for entertainment, .90 for learning, .86 for physical, .87 for social dimension and .84 for emotional dimension. Analyses showed that the "Effects of Digital Games in Early Ages Scale" which is a scale of 25 items, is a valid and reliable scale.
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References
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Aktaş Arnas, Y.Y. (2005). 3-18 yaş grubu çocuk ve gençlerin interaktif iletişim araçlarını kullanma alışkanlıklarının değerlendirilmesi. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 4, 1303-6521.
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Bacigalupa, C. (2005). The use of video games by kindergarteners in a family child care setting. Early Childhood Education Journal, 33, 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s 10643-005-0016-4.
Berson, I. R. & Berson, M. J. (Eds.). (2010). High-tech tots: Childhood in a digital world. IAP.
Bilgi, A. (2005). Bilgisayar oyunu oynayan ve oynamayan ilköğretim öğrencilerinin saldırganlık, depresyon ve yalnızlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Unpublished master’s thesis, Marmara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Turkey.
Buckleitner, W. (2009). What should a preschooler know about technology? Early Childhood Today. Retrieved September 22, 2016, from http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/article/what-should-preschooler-know-about technology
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Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 32, 470-484.
Boot, W. R., Kramer, A. F., Simons, D. J., Fabiani, M. & Gratton, G. (2008). The effects of video game playing on attention, memory, and executive control. Acta Psychologica, 129, 387-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.09.005.
Bozkurt, A. (2014). Homo ludens: Dijital oyunlar ve eğitim. Eğitim Teknolojileri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5, 1-21.
Cherney, I. D. & London, K. (2006). Gender-linked differences in the toys, television shows, computer games, and outdoor activities of 5- to 13-year-old children. Sex Roles, 54, 717-726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9037-8.
Childwise. (2015). The monitor preschool report: Key behavior patterns among 0-4 year olds.Childwise, Norwich.
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Christou, G., Lai-Chong Law, E. L-C., Zaphiris, P. & Ang C.S. (2013). Challenges of designing for sociability to enhance player experience in Massively Multi-Player Online Role-playing Games. Behavior & Information Technology, 32, 724-734. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2012.754497
Couse, L. J. & Chen, D. W. (2010). A tablet computer for young children? Exploring its viability for early childhood education. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 43, 75–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2010.10782562.
Crocker, L. & J. Algina. (1986). Introduction to Classical and Modern. Test Theory. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Çetinkaya H. (1991). Video oyunlarının çocuklarda saldırganlığa etkisi. Unpublished master’s thesis, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
Dağal, B.A & Erkan, Şahenk, S. S. (2016). Okul öncesi dönem çocuklarına yönelik yabancı dil ilgi ölçeğini geliştirme çalışması. Turkish Studies International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic,11 (9), 175-193
https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.9572.
Dwyer, J. (2007). Computer-based learning in a primary school: Differences between the early and later years of primary schooling. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 35, 89-103 doi:10.1080/13598660601111307.
Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. London: SAGE.
Funk, J.B., Buchman, D.D., Jenks, J. & Bechtoldt, H. (2003). Playing violent video games, desensitization, and moral education in children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 24, 413–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-3973(03)00073-X
Funk, J.B., Chan, M., Brouwer, J. & Curtiss, K. (2006). A biopsychosocial analysis of the video-game-playing experience of children and adults in the United States. Studies in Media and Information Literacy Education, 6(3). Retrieved September 22, 2016, from http://www.utpjournals.com/simile/issue23/Funk1.html
Gee, J. P. (2005). Good video games and good learning. Phi Kappa Phi Forum, 85, 33–37.
Genç, Z. (2014). Parents’ Perceptions about the Mobile Technology Use of Preschool Aged Children. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 146, 55-60.
Griffiths, M. D. (2002). The educational benefits of videogames. Education and Health, 20, 47–51.
Gürcan, A., Özhan, S. & Uslu, R. (2008). Dijital oyunlar ve çocuklar üzerindeki etkileri. Başbakanlık Aile ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, 2008: 1-50. Retrieved September 22, 2016, from http://ailetoplum.aile.gov.tr/data/5429366a369dc32358ee2a92/dijital_oyunlar_ve_cocuklar_uzerindeki_etkileri_rapor.pdf
Haake, M., Axelsson, A., Clausen-Bruun, M., & Gulz, A. (2015). Scaffolding mentalizing via a play-&-learn game for preschoolers. Computers & Education, 90, 13-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2015.09.003
Huang, H., Lee, J.H., Vandewater, E.A., Rideout, V.J., Shim, M. & Wartella, E.A. (2007). Digital childhood: Electronic media and technology use among infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, Pediatrics, 119, 1006-1015.
Johnson, G. M. (2010). Young children’s Internet use at home and school: Patterns and profiles. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 8, 282-293. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X10379783
Kacar, A. Ö. & Doğan, N. (2007). Okulöncesi eğitimde bilgisayar destekli eğitimin rolü. Retrieved January 23, 2017, from http://ab.org.tr/ab07/bildiri/43.pdf
Kars, G.B. (2010). Şiddet içerikli bilgisayar oyunlarının çocuklarda saldırganlığa etkisi, Yüksek lisans tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Disiplinler Arası Adli Tıp Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.
Kaya, M. F. (2013). Sürdürülebilir kalkınmaya yönelik tutum ölçeği geliştirme çalışması. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 28, 175-193.
Lemmens, J. S., Valkenburg, P. M. & Peter, J. (2009) Development and validation of a Game addiction scale for adolescents, Media Psychology, 12(1), 77-95, https://doi.org/ 10.1080/15213260802669458
Lin, Y. H., Hou, H. T. (2015). Exploring young children’s performance on and acceptance of an educational scenario-based digital game for teaching route-planning strategies: a case study. Interactive Learning Environments, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2015.1073745
Liu (2003). Developing a Scale to measure the interactivity of websites, Journal of Advertising Research, 207–217.
Mayo, M. J. (2009). Video games: A route to large-scale STEM education? Science, 323, 79–81.
Murphy, C. & Beggs, J. (2003). Primary pupils’ and teachers’ use of computers at home and school. British Journal of Educational Technology, 34, 79–83.
Oblinger, D. G., & J. L. Oblinger, eds. (2005). Educating the Net Generation. Retrieved January 26, 2017 from http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/pub7101.pdf
Özdamar, K. (2004). Paket programlar ile istatistiksel veri analizi -1 (5. Baskı). Eskişehir: Kaan Kitabevi
Papastergiou, M. (2009a). Digital game-based learning in high-school computer science education: Impact on educational effectiveness and student motivation. Computers and Education, 52, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2008.06.004
Papastergiou, M. (2009b). Exploring the potential of computer and video games for health and physical education: a literature review. Computers & Education, 53, 603–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2009.04.001
Prensky, M. (2001). Dijital natives, Dijital Immigrants Part 1, On the Horizon, 9, 1-6.
Prensky, M. (2001a). Dijital game-based learning. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Prensky, M. (2001b). Digital natives, digital immigrants Part 2: Do they really think differently? On the Horizon, 9, 1 – 6.
Rideout, V. (2013). Zero to eight: Children’s media use in America. Retrieved January 26, 2017, from https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/zero-to-eight-childrens-media-use-in-america-2013
Shaffer, D. W., Squire, K., Halverson, R. & Gee, J. P. (2004). Video games and the future of learning. Phi Delta Kappan, 87, 104–111.
Sipahi, B., Yurtkoru, E.S. & Çinko, M. (2006). Sosyal Bilimlerde SPSS’le veri analizi. İstanbul: Beta Yayın.
Squire K. (2005). Changing the game: What happens when video games enter the classroom? Retrieved January 25, 2017, from http://www.academiccolab.org/resources/documents/ Changing%20The%20Game-final_2.pdf
Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6. ed), U.S.A. :Pearson.
Teuwen, J., De Grooff, D. & Zaman, B. (2012). Flemish Preschoolers Online: A mixed-method approach to explore online use, preferences and the role of parents and siblings. Retrieved January, 2017, from https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/350708/1/Flemish+Preschoolers+Online_English+version.pdf
Toran, M., Ulusoy, Z., Aydın, B., Deveci, T. & Akbulut, A. (2016). Çocukların dijital oyun kullanımına ilişkin annelerin görüşlerinin değerlendirilmesi, Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 24 (5), 2263-2278.
Yurdugül, H. (2005). Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışmalarında Kapsam Geçerliği için Kapsam Geçerlik İndekslerinin Kullanılması. XIV. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi 28–30 Eylül 2005 Denizli. Retrieved April 10, 2015 from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~yurdugul/ 3/indir/PamukkaleBildiri.pdf
Aktaş Arnas, Y.Y. (2005). 3-18 yaş grubu çocuk ve gençlerin interaktif iletişim araçlarını kullanma alışkanlıklarının değerlendirilmesi. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 4, 1303-6521.
Coşkun, R., Altunışık, R. & Yıldırım, E. (2005). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri: SPSS uygulamalı. Sakarya: Sakarya Üniversitesi.
An, Y. & Bonk, C. J. (2009). Finding that special place: Designing digital game-based learning environments, TechTrends, 53, 43- 48.
Bacigalupa, C. (2005). The use of video games by kindergarteners in a family child care setting. Early Childhood Education Journal, 33, 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s 10643-005-0016-4.
Berson, I. R. & Berson, M. J. (Eds.). (2010). High-tech tots: Childhood in a digital world. IAP.
Bilgi, A. (2005). Bilgisayar oyunu oynayan ve oynamayan ilköğretim öğrencilerinin saldırganlık, depresyon ve yalnızlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Unpublished master’s thesis, Marmara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Turkey.
Buckleitner, W. (2009). What should a preschooler know about technology? Early Childhood Today. Retrieved September 22, 2016, from http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/article/what-should-preschooler-know-about technology
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 32, 470-484.
Boot, W. R., Kramer, A. F., Simons, D. J., Fabiani, M. & Gratton, G. (2008). The effects of video game playing on attention, memory, and executive control. Acta Psychologica, 129, 387-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.09.005.
Bozkurt, A. (2014). Homo ludens: Dijital oyunlar ve eğitim. Eğitim Teknolojileri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5, 1-21.
Cherney, I. D. & London, K. (2006). Gender-linked differences in the toys, television shows, computer games, and outdoor activities of 5- to 13-year-old children. Sex Roles, 54, 717-726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9037-8.
Childwise. (2015). The monitor preschool report: Key behavior patterns among 0-4 year olds.Childwise, Norwich.
Chiong, C. & Shuler, C. (2010). Learning: Is there an app for that? New York, NY: The Joan Ganz Cooney Center.
Christou, G., Lai-Chong Law, E. L-C., Zaphiris, P. & Ang C.S. (2013). Challenges of designing for sociability to enhance player experience in Massively Multi-Player Online Role-playing Games. Behavior & Information Technology, 32, 724-734. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2012.754497
Couse, L. J. & Chen, D. W. (2010). A tablet computer for young children? Exploring its viability for early childhood education. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 43, 75–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2010.10782562.
Crocker, L. & J. Algina. (1986). Introduction to Classical and Modern. Test Theory. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Çetinkaya H. (1991). Video oyunlarının çocuklarda saldırganlığa etkisi. Unpublished master’s thesis, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
Dağal, B.A & Erkan, Şahenk, S. S. (2016). Okul öncesi dönem çocuklarına yönelik yabancı dil ilgi ölçeğini geliştirme çalışması. Turkish Studies International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic,11 (9), 175-193
https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.9572.
Dwyer, J. (2007). Computer-based learning in a primary school: Differences between the early and later years of primary schooling. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 35, 89-103 doi:10.1080/13598660601111307.
Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. London: SAGE.
Funk, J.B., Buchman, D.D., Jenks, J. & Bechtoldt, H. (2003). Playing violent video games, desensitization, and moral education in children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 24, 413–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-3973(03)00073-X
Funk, J.B., Chan, M., Brouwer, J. & Curtiss, K. (2006). A biopsychosocial analysis of the video-game-playing experience of children and adults in the United States. Studies in Media and Information Literacy Education, 6(3). Retrieved September 22, 2016, from http://www.utpjournals.com/simile/issue23/Funk1.html
Gee, J. P. (2005). Good video games and good learning. Phi Kappa Phi Forum, 85, 33–37.
Genç, Z. (2014). Parents’ Perceptions about the Mobile Technology Use of Preschool Aged Children. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 146, 55-60.
Griffiths, M. D. (2002). The educational benefits of videogames. Education and Health, 20, 47–51.
Gürcan, A., Özhan, S. & Uslu, R. (2008). Dijital oyunlar ve çocuklar üzerindeki etkileri. Başbakanlık Aile ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, 2008: 1-50. Retrieved September 22, 2016, from http://ailetoplum.aile.gov.tr/data/5429366a369dc32358ee2a92/dijital_oyunlar_ve_cocuklar_uzerindeki_etkileri_rapor.pdf
Haake, M., Axelsson, A., Clausen-Bruun, M., & Gulz, A. (2015). Scaffolding mentalizing via a play-&-learn game for preschoolers. Computers & Education, 90, 13-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2015.09.003
Huang, H., Lee, J.H., Vandewater, E.A., Rideout, V.J., Shim, M. & Wartella, E.A. (2007). Digital childhood: Electronic media and technology use among infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, Pediatrics, 119, 1006-1015.
Johnson, G. M. (2010). Young children’s Internet use at home and school: Patterns and profiles. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 8, 282-293. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X10379783
Kacar, A. Ö. & Doğan, N. (2007). Okulöncesi eğitimde bilgisayar destekli eğitimin rolü. Retrieved January 23, 2017, from http://ab.org.tr/ab07/bildiri/43.pdf
Kars, G.B. (2010). Şiddet içerikli bilgisayar oyunlarının çocuklarda saldırganlığa etkisi, Yüksek lisans tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Disiplinler Arası Adli Tıp Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.
Kaya, M. F. (2013). Sürdürülebilir kalkınmaya yönelik tutum ölçeği geliştirme çalışması. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 28, 175-193.
Lemmens, J. S., Valkenburg, P. M. & Peter, J. (2009) Development and validation of a Game addiction scale for adolescents, Media Psychology, 12(1), 77-95, https://doi.org/ 10.1080/15213260802669458
Lin, Y. H., Hou, H. T. (2015). Exploring young children’s performance on and acceptance of an educational scenario-based digital game for teaching route-planning strategies: a case study. Interactive Learning Environments, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2015.1073745
Liu (2003). Developing a Scale to measure the interactivity of websites, Journal of Advertising Research, 207–217.
Mayo, M. J. (2009). Video games: A route to large-scale STEM education? Science, 323, 79–81.
Murphy, C. & Beggs, J. (2003). Primary pupils’ and teachers’ use of computers at home and school. British Journal of Educational Technology, 34, 79–83.
Oblinger, D. G., & J. L. Oblinger, eds. (2005). Educating the Net Generation. Retrieved January 26, 2017 from http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/pub7101.pdf
Özdamar, K. (2004). Paket programlar ile istatistiksel veri analizi -1 (5. Baskı). Eskişehir: Kaan Kitabevi
Papastergiou, M. (2009a). Digital game-based learning in high-school computer science education: Impact on educational effectiveness and student motivation. Computers and Education, 52, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2008.06.004
Papastergiou, M. (2009b). Exploring the potential of computer and video games for health and physical education: a literature review. Computers & Education, 53, 603–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2009.04.001
Prensky, M. (2001). Dijital natives, Dijital Immigrants Part 1, On the Horizon, 9, 1-6.
Prensky, M. (2001a). Dijital game-based learning. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Prensky, M. (2001b). Digital natives, digital immigrants Part 2: Do they really think differently? On the Horizon, 9, 1 – 6.
Rideout, V. (2013). Zero to eight: Children’s media use in America. Retrieved January 26, 2017, from https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/zero-to-eight-childrens-media-use-in-america-2013
Shaffer, D. W., Squire, K., Halverson, R. & Gee, J. P. (2004). Video games and the future of learning. Phi Delta Kappan, 87, 104–111.
Sipahi, B., Yurtkoru, E.S. & Çinko, M. (2006). Sosyal Bilimlerde SPSS’le veri analizi. İstanbul: Beta Yayın.
Squire K. (2005). Changing the game: What happens when video games enter the classroom? Retrieved January 25, 2017, from http://www.academiccolab.org/resources/documents/ Changing%20The%20Game-final_2.pdf
Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6. ed), U.S.A. :Pearson.
Teuwen, J., De Grooff, D. & Zaman, B. (2012). Flemish Preschoolers Online: A mixed-method approach to explore online use, preferences and the role of parents and siblings. Retrieved January, 2017, from https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/350708/1/Flemish+Preschoolers+Online_English+version.pdf
Toran, M., Ulusoy, Z., Aydın, B., Deveci, T. & Akbulut, A. (2016). Çocukların dijital oyun kullanımına ilişkin annelerin görüşlerinin değerlendirilmesi, Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 24 (5), 2263-2278.
Yurdugül, H. (2005). Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışmalarında Kapsam Geçerliği için Kapsam Geçerlik İndekslerinin Kullanılması. XIV. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kongresi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi 28–30 Eylül 2005 Denizli. Retrieved April 10, 2015 from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~yurdugul/ 3/indir/PamukkaleBildiri.pdf
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Published
2019-09-17
How to Cite
Balaban Dağal, A., & Bayındır, D. (2019). Validity and reliability study of Effects of Digital Games in Early Ages Scale. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 9(4), 979–1000. https://doi.org/10.14527/pegegog.2019.031
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