The relationship between metacognitive awareness and online information searching strategies
Abstract
The aim of this study is to look into the relationship between undergraduate students' metacognitive awareness (MA) and their online information searching strategies (OISS). Mixed method was used in the study. The participants involved 419 undergraduate students. The data in the study were collected using OISS Inventory, MA Inventory and student interview forms. The results indicate that students' level of MA and their OISS are developed. The results of correlation analysis reveal that there is a positive and significant level of relationship between OISS and MA variables at a medium level. When the qualitative findings are examined, it is seen that in planning process students mostly determine key words, and in monitoring and evaluation processes they compare the accessed information with searching goals. In the discussion section of the study, how MA could be used to improve students' OISS is discussed.
Downloads
References
Akın, A., Abacı, R., & Çetin, B. (2007). The validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the metacognitive awareness inventory. Educational Science: Theory & Practice, 7(2), 655-680.
Akyol, Z., & Garrison, D. R. (2011). Assessing metacognition in an online community of inquiry. Internet and Higher Education, 14(3), 183-190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2011.01.005
Aşkar, P., & Mazman, S. G. (2013). Çevrimiçi bilgi arama stratejileri envanteri'nin türkçeye uyarlama çalışması . Eğitim ve Bilim, 38(168), 167-182.
Barrett, P.L. (2012). Information-seeking processes of fourth grade students using the internet for a school assignment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Columbia University.
Bendixen, L. D., & Hartley, K. (2003). Successful learning with hypermedia: The role of epistemological beliefs and metacognitive awareness. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 28(1), 15-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2190/2Y7C-KRDV-5U01-UJGA
Blummer, B., & Kenton, J. M. (2014). Education students' information seeking to support problem solving. In, Blummer, & Kenton (Eds) Improving student information search: A metacognitive approach. Chandos Publishing.
Bowler, L. (2010). A taxonomy of adolescent metacognitive knowledge during the information search process. Library & Information Science Research, 32(1), 27-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2009.09.005
Bromme, R., Pieschl, S., & Stahl, E. (2010). Epistemological beliefs are standards for adaptive learning: A functional theory about epistemological beliefs and metacognition. Metacognition and Learning, 5(1), 7-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-009-9053-5
Case, D.O. (2002). Looking for information: A survey of research on information seeking, needs and behavior. Amsterdam, NL: Academic Press.
Cesur, E. G. (2013). Uyarlanabilir öğretimin kaybolma ve bilişsel yüklenmeye etkisinin öğrencilerin bilişsel stilleri açısından incelenmesi. Unpublished master's thesis. Ankara University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Ankara.
Chiu, Y. L., Liang, J. C., & Tsai, C. C. (2013). Internet-specific epistemic beliefs and self-regulated learning in online academic information searching. Metacognition and Learning, 8(3), 235-260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-013-9103-x
De Bruin, A. B., & Van Gog, T. (2012). Improving self-monitoring and self-regulation: From cognitive psychology to the classroom. Learning and Instruction, 22(4), 245-252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2012.01.003
Fidel, R., Davies, R. K., Douglass, M. H., Holder, J. K., Hopkins, C. J., Kushner, E. J., Miyagishima, B. K., & Toney, C. D. (1999). A visit to the information mall: Web searching behavior of high school students. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(1), 24-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(1999)50:1<24::AID-ASI5>3.0.CO;2-W
Griffths, J. R., & Brophy, P. (2005). Student searching behavior and the web: Use of academic resources and Google. Library Trends, 53(4), 539-554.
Hartley, K. (2003). The use of comprehension aids in a hypermedia environment: Investigating the impact of metacognitive awareness and epistemological beliefs. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 12(3), 275-289.
Hartman, H. (1998). Metacognition in teaching and learning: an introduction. Instructional Science, 26, 1-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003023628307
Hartman, H. J. (2001). Metacognition in learning and instruction: Theory, research and practice (Vol. 19). Springer Science & Business Media.
Hill, J. R. (1999). A conceptual framework for understanding information seeking in open-ended information systems. Educational Technology Research and Development, 47(1), 5-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02299474
Hofer, B. K. (2004). Epistemological understanding as a metacognitive process: Thinking aloud during online searching. Educational Psychologist, 39(1), 43-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep3901_5
Hsu, L. (2014). Online information seeking behavior: models of information source selection and information seeker satisfaction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Colorado.
Kaya, S. (2012). Bilişsel ve üstbilişsel strateji etkinliklerinin öğretmen adaylarının öğretim tasarımı dersi başarılarına, bilişsel ve üstbilişsel stratejileri kullanma düzeylerine etkisi. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Gazi University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Ankara.
Kılıç Çakmak, E., Karaoğlan Yılmaz, F. G., & Yılmaz, R. (2015). İnternete yönelik epistemolojik inanç ölçeğinin uyarlama çalışması. Eğitim Teknolojisi Kuram ve Uygulama, 5(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.17943/etku.47870
Kirschner, P. A., Sweller, J., & Clark, R. E. (2006). Why minimal guidance during instruction does not work: an analysis of the failure of constructivist, discovery, problem-based, experiential, and inquiry-based teaching. Educational Psychologist, 41(2), 75'86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep4102_1
Mokhtari, K., & Reichard, C. A. (2002). Assessing students' metacognitive awareness of reading strategies. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(2), 249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.94.2.249
Pengnate, S., & Antonenko, P. (2013). A multimethod evaluation of online trust and its interaction with metacognitive awareness: an emotional design perspective. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 29(9), 582-593. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2012.735185
Pintrich, P. R. (1995). Understanding self-regulated learning. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 63, 3-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tl.37219956304
Pintrich, P. R. (2000). The roal of goal orientation in self-regulated learning. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich ve M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 451-502). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Pintrich, P. R. (2002). The role of metacognitive knowledge in learning, teaching, and assessing. Theory Into Practice, 41(4), 219-225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4104_3
Raes, A., Schellens, T., De Wever, B., & Vanderhoven, E. (2012). Scaffolding information problem solving in web-based collaborative inquiry learning. Computers & Education, 59(1), 82-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.11.010
Rieh, S.Y. (2004). On the web at home: Information seeking and web searching in the home environment. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 55(8), 743-753. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20018
Schacter, J., Chung, G., & Dorr, A. (1998). Children's internet searching on complex problems: performance and process analyses. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 49, 840-849. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(199807)49:9<840::AID-ASI9>3.0.CO;2-D
Schraw, G., & Dennison, R. S. (1994). Assessing metacognitive awareness. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 19, 460-475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1994.1033
Schraw, G., & Moshman, D. (1995). Metacognitive theories. Educational Psychology Review, 7(4), 351-371. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02212307
Schraw, G. (2001). Promoting general metacognitive awareness. In Metacognition in learning and instruction (pp. 3-16). Springer Netherlands. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2243-8_1
Stadtler, M., & Bromme, R. (2008). Effects of the metacognitive computer-tool met.a.wareon the web search of laypersons. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(3), 716'737.
Stahl, E., & Bromme, R. (2009). Not everybody needs help to seek help: Surprising effects of metacognitive instructions to foster help-seeking in an online learning environment. Computers & Education, 53(4), 1020'1028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2008.10.004
Tsai, C.-C. (2001). A review and discussion of epistemological commitments, metacognition, and critical thinking with suggestions on their enhancement in Internet-assisted chemistry classrooms. Journal of Chemical Education, 78, 970'974. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ed078p970
Tsai, M. J., & Tsai, C. C. (2003). Information searching strategies in web-based science learning: The role of Internet self-efficacy. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 40(1), 43'50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1355800032000038822
Tsai, M. J. (2009). Online Information Searching Strategy Inventory (OISSI): A quick version and a complete version. Computers & Education, 53(2), 473-483. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2009.03.006
Walraven, A., Brand-Gruwel, S., & Boshuizen, H. (2008). Information-problem solving: A review of problems students encounter and instructional solutions. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(3), 623-648. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2007.01.030
Wilson, T. D. (2000). Human information behavior. Informing Science, 3(2), 49-55 DOI: https://doi.org/10.28945/576
Wu, Y.T. & Tsai, C.C.(2007). Developing an information commitment survey for assessing students' web information searching strategies and evaluative standards for web materials. Educational Technology & Society, 10(2), 120-132.
Yalçınalp, S. &Aşkar, P. (2003). Öğrencilerin bilgi arama amacıyla interneti kullanım biçimlerinin incelenmesi. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 2(4), 100-107.
Yıldırım, A. &Şimşek, H. (2011). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri (8.Ed.). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Yılmaz, R. (2014). Çevrimiçi öğrenmede etkileşim ortamının ve üstbilişsel rehberliğin akademik başarı, üstbilişsel farkındalık ve işlemsel uzaklığa etkisi. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Ankara University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Ankara.
Yılmaz, R.& Kılıç Çakmak, E. (2012). Educational interface agents as social models to influence learner achievement, attitude and retention of learning. Computers & Education, 59(2), 828-838. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.03.020
Yurdakul, B. (2004). Yapılandırmacı öğrenme yaklaşımının öğrenenlerin problem çözme becerilerine, bilişötesi farkındalık ve derse yönelik tutum düzeylerine etkisi ile öğrenme sürecine katkıları. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Hacettepe University, Institute of Social Sciences , Ankara.
Zimmerman, B. J. (1990). Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: An overview. Educational Psychologist, 25(1), 3-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2501_2
Copyright (c) 2016 Fatma Gizem Karaoğlan Yılmaz (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
I accept that the owner of PEGEGOG, the editor, associate editors, reviewers and the scientific committee cannot be hold responsible regarding the scope, the findings, the discussion and conclusion of the manuscript submitted.
I declare to the editorship of PEGEGOG that the manuscript is original and has not been published anywhere else or is not under evaluation process for any other journal.
I approve that I grant PEGEGOG as the sole and exclusive right and license to publish for the full legal term of copyright of my manuscript concurring with article 5846 / 22-23-25 while I retain copyright in the work.